Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 44 Researches
7
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 3 Reviews
8.4
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Soft Gel
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
5
Total Fat
0.5 g
1%**
Cholesterol
<5mg
<2%
Vitamin A (from cod live oil and retinyl palmitate)
27 mcg RAE
3%
Vitamin D (as cholecalciferol) (from cod liver oil and cholecalciferol concentrate)
100 mcg (4,000 IU)
500%
Vitamin E (as d-alpha tocopherol)
0.67 mg
4%
Norwegian Cod Liver Oil
500 mg
†
Total Omega-3 fatty Acids☆
115 mg
†
DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)☆
50 mg
†
EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)☆
42 mg
†
Top Medical Research Studies
8
Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces MS symptoms
We explored the therapeutic effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in tackling multiple sclerosis through a study involving mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The mice were given diets enriched with or without EPA. Remarkably, the mice that received the EPA-infused diet displayed significantly lower clinical scores compared to those that did not.
Furthermore, we observed that the production of inflammatory markers like IFN-γ and IL-17 was notably reduced in the EPA-treated mice. This reduction is particularly important, as these markers are associated with the progression of multiple sclerosis. Additionally, there was an enhancement in the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors within the CD4T cells infiltrating the central nervous system.
These findings suggest that EPA could serve as a promising new approach to therapy for multiple sclerosis, showcasing its potential in reducing inflammation and improving clinical outcomes in those affected by this condition.
Furthermore, we observed that the production of inflammatory markers like IFN-γ and IL-17 was notably reduced in the EPA-treated mice. This reduction is particularly important, as these markers are associated with the progression of multiple sclerosis. Additionally, there was an enhancement in the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors within the CD4T cells infiltrating the central nervous system.
These findings suggest that EPA could serve as a promising new approach to therapy for multiple sclerosis, showcasing its potential in reducing inflammation and improving clinical outcomes in those affected by this condition.
Read More
9
We investigated the potential link between cod liver oil, a common source of vitamin D, and the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). Our study involved a robust methodology, gathering data from 953 MS patients and 1717 control participants who reported their cod liver oil consumption from childhood through adulthood.
One of our key findings highlighted that individuals who took cod liver oil during their teenage years—specifically ages 13 to 18—had a noticeably reduced risk of MS. The odds ratio was 0.67, suggesting that this specific timeframe is crucial for vitamin D intake's protective effect against the disease. Interestingly, we didn’t observe any significant correlation between MS risk and the use of cod liver oil in early childhood, meaning that the timing of consumption seems important.
Moreover, we noticed an intriguing dose-response relationship: the more vitamin D3 one consumed during adolescence, the lower the risk of MS appeared to be. The sweetest spot seems to be a daily intake of 600-800 IU, which correlated to a significantly lower MS risk.
Overall, these findings strengthen the idea that low vitamin D levels might be a significant risk factor for MS, with particular emphasis on adolescence as a critical period for preventative measures.
One of our key findings highlighted that individuals who took cod liver oil during their teenage years—specifically ages 13 to 18—had a noticeably reduced risk of MS. The odds ratio was 0.67, suggesting that this specific timeframe is crucial for vitamin D intake's protective effect against the disease. Interestingly, we didn’t observe any significant correlation between MS risk and the use of cod liver oil in early childhood, meaning that the timing of consumption seems important.
Moreover, we noticed an intriguing dose-response relationship: the more vitamin D3 one consumed during adolescence, the lower the risk of MS appeared to be. The sweetest spot seems to be a daily intake of 600-800 IU, which correlated to a significantly lower MS risk.
Overall, these findings strengthen the idea that low vitamin D levels might be a significant risk factor for MS, with particular emphasis on adolescence as a critical period for preventative measures.
Read More
We aimed to evaluate how docosahexaenoic acid, particularly through the treatment of PEGlated nanoliposomes of pistachio unsaturated oils (PEGNLPUOs), affects inflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS).
This investigation was rigorously designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, ensuring the reliability of our findings. We observed significant changes in the levels of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid among MS patients treated with PEGNLPUOs.
Moreover, we found a notable decrease in matrix metallopeptidase-9 levels, which is important in regulating inflammation. The cytokine profile showed a tilt towards a Th2-biased response, indicating a reduction in inflammatory activity following treatment.
In summary, our findings indicated a reduction in the number of relapses, improved disability scores, and fewer T2 lesions in patients receiving PEGNLPUOs. Through this study, we demonstrated a promising therapeutic avenue for alleviating inflammation associated with multiple sclerosis using docosahexaenoic acid-based treatments.
This investigation was rigorously designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, ensuring the reliability of our findings. We observed significant changes in the levels of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid among MS patients treated with PEGNLPUOs.
Moreover, we found a notable decrease in matrix metallopeptidase-9 levels, which is important in regulating inflammation. The cytokine profile showed a tilt towards a Th2-biased response, indicating a reduction in inflammatory activity following treatment.
In summary, our findings indicated a reduction in the number of relapses, improved disability scores, and fewer T2 lesions in patients receiving PEGNLPUOs. Through this study, we demonstrated a promising therapeutic avenue for alleviating inflammation associated with multiple sclerosis using docosahexaenoic acid-based treatments.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Increased energy levels
2 people found this helpful
I’m very pleased! My doctor in Finland recommended this product a year ago for my multiple sclerosis. Since then, I've taken one capsule daily, and I feel full of energy, no longer tired as I used to be. Remarkably, my pain has eased and I haven’t had flu all year! My migraines have also vanished; previously, I consumed medication every week. I’m truly satisfied and grateful for this change!
Read More
7.5
Reduced pain medication
2 people found this helpful
The pains and vigour I experience with multiple sclerosis have improved significantly since I began taking Carlsons D3-vitamin. After a car accident a few years ago, I underwent back surgery, and the stiffness led to chronic pain. However, this vitamin has transformed my wellness, allowing me to rarely need pain pills now. I’m very grateful, feeling energised with only 7 hours of sleep, compared to the 10-12 hours I used to need. I highly recommend consulting a knowledgeable doctor who appreciates such remedies. Thank you!
Read More
7.5
Improved mood and focus
I've just started taking these Vitamin D3 + Omega-3 soft gels and they are a complete game-changer. Each capsule offers 2,000 IU of Vitamin D3, which I need since I spend most of my time indoors, along with 115 mg of Omega-3s for heart and brain health. The pleasant lemon flavour ensures no fishy aftertaste. I’ve noticed a significant boost in mood and energy, better concentration, and even my skin looks better. I highly recommend these if you want the benefits of both supplements without taking multiple pills.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 44 Researches
7
- All Researches
9
We evaluated how vitamin D affects multiple sclerosis (MS) by exploring the properties of immune cells in treatment-naive MS patients compared to healthy donors. Our research revealed that patients’ immune cells had heightened proinflammatory features, particularly related to key pathways involving the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and NF-κB. This imbalance may contribute to the difficulties in managing MS effectively.
We discovered that dendritic cells derived from MS patients showed reduced tolerogenic capabilities. However, when we applied vitamin D3 and directly activated the AhR, we were able to restore these properties. Furthermore, combining vitamin D3 with a drug known as dimethyl fumarate (DMF) not only enhanced the tolerogenic effects but also provided a more effective treatment option in experiments on mice.
Our findings suggest that a combined therapy utilizing DMF and vitamin D3-tolerogenic dendritic cells has great potential in improving treatment for MS. However, it is worth noting that the analysis focuses on the combination therapy rather than isolating the effects of vitamin D alone.
We discovered that dendritic cells derived from MS patients showed reduced tolerogenic capabilities. However, when we applied vitamin D3 and directly activated the AhR, we were able to restore these properties. Furthermore, combining vitamin D3 with a drug known as dimethyl fumarate (DMF) not only enhanced the tolerogenic effects but also provided a more effective treatment option in experiments on mice.
Our findings suggest that a combined therapy utilizing DMF and vitamin D3-tolerogenic dendritic cells has great potential in improving treatment for MS. However, it is worth noting that the analysis focuses on the combination therapy rather than isolating the effects of vitamin D alone.
Read More
9
We investigated the potential link between cod liver oil, a common source of vitamin D, and the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). Our study involved a robust methodology, gathering data from 953 MS patients and 1717 control participants who reported their cod liver oil consumption from childhood through adulthood.
One of our key findings highlighted that individuals who took cod liver oil during their teenage years—specifically ages 13 to 18—had a noticeably reduced risk of MS. The odds ratio was 0.67, suggesting that this specific timeframe is crucial for vitamin D intake's protective effect against the disease. Interestingly, we didn’t observe any significant correlation between MS risk and the use of cod liver oil in early childhood, meaning that the timing of consumption seems important.
Moreover, we noticed an intriguing dose-response relationship: the more vitamin D3 one consumed during adolescence, the lower the risk of MS appeared to be. The sweetest spot seems to be a daily intake of 600-800 IU, which correlated to a significantly lower MS risk.
Overall, these findings strengthen the idea that low vitamin D levels might be a significant risk factor for MS, with particular emphasis on adolescence as a critical period for preventative measures.
One of our key findings highlighted that individuals who took cod liver oil during their teenage years—specifically ages 13 to 18—had a noticeably reduced risk of MS. The odds ratio was 0.67, suggesting that this specific timeframe is crucial for vitamin D intake's protective effect against the disease. Interestingly, we didn’t observe any significant correlation between MS risk and the use of cod liver oil in early childhood, meaning that the timing of consumption seems important.
Moreover, we noticed an intriguing dose-response relationship: the more vitamin D3 one consumed during adolescence, the lower the risk of MS appeared to be. The sweetest spot seems to be a daily intake of 600-800 IU, which correlated to a significantly lower MS risk.
Overall, these findings strengthen the idea that low vitamin D levels might be a significant risk factor for MS, with particular emphasis on adolescence as a critical period for preventative measures.
Read More
We aimed to evaluate how docosahexaenoic acid, particularly through the treatment of PEGlated nanoliposomes of pistachio unsaturated oils (PEGNLPUOs), affects inflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS).
This investigation was rigorously designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, ensuring the reliability of our findings. We observed significant changes in the levels of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid among MS patients treated with PEGNLPUOs.
Moreover, we found a notable decrease in matrix metallopeptidase-9 levels, which is important in regulating inflammation. The cytokine profile showed a tilt towards a Th2-biased response, indicating a reduction in inflammatory activity following treatment.
In summary, our findings indicated a reduction in the number of relapses, improved disability scores, and fewer T2 lesions in patients receiving PEGNLPUOs. Through this study, we demonstrated a promising therapeutic avenue for alleviating inflammation associated with multiple sclerosis using docosahexaenoic acid-based treatments.
This investigation was rigorously designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, ensuring the reliability of our findings. We observed significant changes in the levels of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid among MS patients treated with PEGNLPUOs.
Moreover, we found a notable decrease in matrix metallopeptidase-9 levels, which is important in regulating inflammation. The cytokine profile showed a tilt towards a Th2-biased response, indicating a reduction in inflammatory activity following treatment.
In summary, our findings indicated a reduction in the number of relapses, improved disability scores, and fewer T2 lesions in patients receiving PEGNLPUOs. Through this study, we demonstrated a promising therapeutic avenue for alleviating inflammation associated with multiple sclerosis using docosahexaenoic acid-based treatments.
Read More
We aimed to understand how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) influences multiple sclerosis by exploring its effects in combination with other nutrients. Through a carefully designed study, we assessed the protective benefits of DHA, alongside all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, on a model of multiple sclerosis known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
The study involved female C57BL/6 mice divided into treated and untreated groups to observe the impact of these nutrients on the disease's progression. The results were striking. We found that when DHA was administered with ATRA and vitamin D, there was a significant reduction in clinical symptoms, and less interferon gamma and T-bet gene expression—key contributors to the inflammatory response observed in multiple sclerosis.
While the combination treatment showed clear benefits, it's important to note that the specific role of DHA on its own was difficult to isolate. The intervention collectively reduced the severity of the disease and inflammation, hinting at its potential for treating similar autoimmune conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that exploring DHA within combined therapies might be a promising pathway for managing multiple sclerosis.
The study involved female C57BL/6 mice divided into treated and untreated groups to observe the impact of these nutrients on the disease's progression. The results were striking. We found that when DHA was administered with ATRA and vitamin D, there was a significant reduction in clinical symptoms, and less interferon gamma and T-bet gene expression—key contributors to the inflammatory response observed in multiple sclerosis.
While the combination treatment showed clear benefits, it's important to note that the specific role of DHA on its own was difficult to isolate. The intervention collectively reduced the severity of the disease and inflammation, hinting at its potential for treating similar autoimmune conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that exploring DHA within combined therapies might be a promising pathway for managing multiple sclerosis.
Read More
9
We explored the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a vital Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, on multiple sclerosis (MS) and the way it influences microglial responses to myelin damage. By examining both primary cell cultures and using the cuprizone mouse model of MS, we aimed to understand how DHA behaves in conditions mimicking this debilitating disease.
Our findings revealed that DHA, alongside another Omega-3 fatty acid known as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), was successful in reducing harmful inflammatory responses in primary microglia when stimulated by interferon-gamma and myelin. These beneficial acids slowed down the release of substances like nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which can contribute to tissue damage.
In addition, we noted an encouraging increase in myelin phagocytosis, which is a process where microglia clean up dead or damaged myelin. Our in vivo studies showed that supplementing with n-3 PUFAs like DHA could effectively diminish demyelination caused by cuprizone and lead to notable improvements in motor skills and cognitive function. Furthermore, we observed a transition in microglial behavior towards a 'friendly' M2 phenotype, suggesting that these fatty acids play a role in fostering a supportive environment in the brain.
Overall, this research indicates that DHA and other n-3 PUFAs hold promise as potential immunomodulatory agents for managing demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis.
Our findings revealed that DHA, alongside another Omega-3 fatty acid known as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), was successful in reducing harmful inflammatory responses in primary microglia when stimulated by interferon-gamma and myelin. These beneficial acids slowed down the release of substances like nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which can contribute to tissue damage.
In addition, we noted an encouraging increase in myelin phagocytosis, which is a process where microglia clean up dead or damaged myelin. Our in vivo studies showed that supplementing with n-3 PUFAs like DHA could effectively diminish demyelination caused by cuprizone and lead to notable improvements in motor skills and cognitive function. Furthermore, we observed a transition in microglial behavior towards a 'friendly' M2 phenotype, suggesting that these fatty acids play a role in fostering a supportive environment in the brain.
Overall, this research indicates that DHA and other n-3 PUFAs hold promise as potential immunomodulatory agents for managing demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 3 Reviews
8.4
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
9
Increased energy levels
2 people found this helpful
I’m very pleased! My doctor in Finland recommended this product a year ago for my multiple sclerosis. Since then, I've taken one capsule daily, and I feel full of energy, no longer tired as I used to be. Remarkably, my pain has eased and I haven’t had flu all year! My migraines have also vanished; previously, I consumed medication every week. I’m truly satisfied and grateful for this change!
Read More
7.5
Reduced pain medication
2 people found this helpful
The pains and vigour I experience with multiple sclerosis have improved significantly since I began taking Carlsons D3-vitamin. After a car accident a few years ago, I underwent back surgery, and the stiffness led to chronic pain. However, this vitamin has transformed my wellness, allowing me to rarely need pain pills now. I’m very grateful, feeling energised with only 7 hours of sleep, compared to the 10-12 hours I used to need. I highly recommend consulting a knowledgeable doctor who appreciates such remedies. Thank you!
Read More
7.5
Improved mood and focus
I've just started taking these Vitamin D3 + Omega-3 soft gels and they are a complete game-changer. Each capsule offers 2,000 IU of Vitamin D3, which I need since I spend most of my time indoors, along with 115 mg of Omega-3s for heart and brain health. The pleasant lemon flavour ensures no fishy aftertaste. I’ve noticed a significant boost in mood and energy, better concentration, and even my skin looks better. I highly recommend these if you want the benefits of both supplements without taking multiple pills.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
9
Increased energy levels
2 people found this helpful
I’m very pleased! My doctor in Finland recommended this product a year ago for my multiple sclerosis. Since then, I've taken one capsule daily, and I feel full of energy, no longer tired as I used to be. Remarkably, my pain has eased and I haven’t had flu all year! My migraines have also vanished; previously, I consumed medication every week. I’m truly satisfied and grateful for this change!
7.5
Reduced pain medication
2 people found this helpful
The pains and vigour I experience with multiple sclerosis have improved significantly since I began taking Carlsons D3-vitamin. After a car accident a few years ago, I underwent back surgery, and the stiffness led to chronic pain. However, this vitamin has transformed my wellness, allowing me to rarely need pain pills now. I’m very grateful, feeling energised with only 7 hours of sleep, compared to the 10-12 hours I used to need. I highly recommend consulting a knowledgeable doctor who appreciates such remedies. Thank you!
7.5
Improved mood and focus
I've just started taking these Vitamin D3 + Omega-3 soft gels and they are a complete game-changer. Each capsule offers 2,000 IU of Vitamin D3, which I need since I spend most of my time indoors, along with 115 mg of Omega-3s for heart and brain health. The pleasant lemon flavour ensures no fishy aftertaste. I’ve noticed a significant boost in mood and energy, better concentration, and even my skin looks better. I highly recommend these if you want the benefits of both supplements without taking multiple pills.
8
We explored the potential impact of Vitamin D supplementation on patients newly diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Our study involved 16 drug-naïve patients who were monitored over a year. We measured the levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D in their blood and evaluated how this vitamin affects the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which play significant roles in MS.
Our findings showed that these patients initially had low vitamin D levels and high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Over the course of the study, participants who received vitamin D supplementation demonstrated a notable decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Additionally, the ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokines improved, suggesting that vitamin D may help shift the immune response towards a more protective profile.
Interestingly, while some patients also received immunotherapy, our data indicated that Vitamin D supplementation might independently contribute to better immune regulation. Patients with higher pro-inflammatory cytokine ratios appeared more susceptible to relapses, emphasizing the potential role of Vitamin D in managing MS symptoms.
This research supports the idea that having adequate levels of Vitamin D could be vital for those facing MS, as it may offer a protective mechanism through improving immune responses. Ultimately, vitamin D supplementation could be an essential component of a comprehensive treatment plan for MS patients.
Our findings showed that these patients initially had low vitamin D levels and high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Over the course of the study, participants who received vitamin D supplementation demonstrated a notable decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Additionally, the ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokines improved, suggesting that vitamin D may help shift the immune response towards a more protective profile.
Interestingly, while some patients also received immunotherapy, our data indicated that Vitamin D supplementation might independently contribute to better immune regulation. Patients with higher pro-inflammatory cytokine ratios appeared more susceptible to relapses, emphasizing the potential role of Vitamin D in managing MS symptoms.
This research supports the idea that having adequate levels of Vitamin D could be vital for those facing MS, as it may offer a protective mechanism through improving immune responses. Ultimately, vitamin D supplementation could be an essential component of a comprehensive treatment plan for MS patients.
7
We delved into the connection between vitamin D deficiency and the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS), utilizing data from 14 case-control studies published between 2007 and 2021. This analysis encompassed over 4,000 individuals with MS and another 4,600 without the condition.
Our findings reveal that individuals who are vitamin D deficient have a 54% higher chance of developing MS compared to those with sufficient vitamin D levels. Interestingly, when we looked closer, we found that this increased risk was particularly pronounced in studies that did not include participants taking vitamin D supplements.
Conversely, studies that included participants taking vitamin D supplements showed no significant increase in MS risk. This suggests that while vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher likelihood of developing MS, the role of vitamin D supplementation may alter this relationship.
Overall, it seems that maintaining adequate vitamin D levels could be a significant, modifiable factor in reducing the risk of MS. However, more research is needed to fully understand the impact of vitamin D treatments on those already diagnosed with MS.
Our findings reveal that individuals who are vitamin D deficient have a 54% higher chance of developing MS compared to those with sufficient vitamin D levels. Interestingly, when we looked closer, we found that this increased risk was particularly pronounced in studies that did not include participants taking vitamin D supplements.
Conversely, studies that included participants taking vitamin D supplements showed no significant increase in MS risk. This suggests that while vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher likelihood of developing MS, the role of vitamin D supplementation may alter this relationship.
Overall, it seems that maintaining adequate vitamin D levels could be a significant, modifiable factor in reducing the risk of MS. However, more research is needed to fully understand the impact of vitamin D treatments on those already diagnosed with MS.
4
We explored the effectiveness of vitamin D supplements for improving symptoms and reducing relapses in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). A systematic review was conducted using data from eight reputable databases, which culminated in the selection of 16 randomized controlled trials.
Each of these studies confirmed that vitamin D administration significantly boosted levels of serum 25(OH)D compared to placebos. Most of these studies also indicated improvements in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain lesion markers, which suggests that vitamin D may have some positive effects related to brain health.
However, when it comes to other important aspects—such as relapse rates, fatigue, and disability levels—most studies did not find significant benefits from vitamin D treatment compared to placebo. While some indicators, like the quality of life reflected through transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), showed improvements, overall, the findings regarding the effectiveness of vitamin D in treating MS symptoms and relapses remain inconclusive.
In summary, while vitamin D supplementation does seem to raise certain health markers, its role in effectively treating MS is still uncertain.
Each of these studies confirmed that vitamin D administration significantly boosted levels of serum 25(OH)D compared to placebos. Most of these studies also indicated improvements in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain lesion markers, which suggests that vitamin D may have some positive effects related to brain health.
However, when it comes to other important aspects—such as relapse rates, fatigue, and disability levels—most studies did not find significant benefits from vitamin D treatment compared to placebo. While some indicators, like the quality of life reflected through transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), showed improvements, overall, the findings regarding the effectiveness of vitamin D in treating MS symptoms and relapses remain inconclusive.
In summary, while vitamin D supplementation does seem to raise certain health markers, its role in effectively treating MS is still uncertain.
References
- Al-Shammri S, Chattopadhyay A, Raghupathy R. Vitamin D supplementation mediates a shift towards anti-inflammatory cytokine response in Multiple Sclerosis. Med Princ Pract. 2025. doi:10.1159/000544106
- Rasheed A, Khan G. Epstein-Barr virus, vitamin D and the immune response: connections with consequences for multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1503808. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1503808
- Lis M, Niedziela N, Adamczyk-Zostawa J, Zalejska-Fiolka J, Szczygieł J, et al. Comparative Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Oxidative Stress in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024;46:14119. doi:10.3390/cimb46120845
- Balshi A, Leuenberger G, Dempsey J, Baber U, Sloane JA. Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist safety and efficacy in a multiple sclerosis cohort. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2025;93:106229. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.106229
- Yu XH, Lu HM, Li J, Su MZ, Li XM, et al. Association between 25(OH) vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: cohort, shared genetics, and Causality. Nutr J. 2024;23:151. doi:10.1186/s12937-024-01059-4
- France-Ratcliffe M, Harrison SL, Verma LA, Abdul-Rahim AH, McCallum L, et al. Vitamin D and cardiovascular outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;92:106155. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.106155
- Niedziela N, Nowak-Kiczmer M, Malciene L, Stasiołek M, Niedziela JT, et al. Serum Vitamin D3 as a Potential Biomarker for Neuronal Damage in Smoldering Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25. doi:10.3390/ijms251910502
- Gill A, Orji C, Reghefaoui M, Peresuodei TS, Thota P, et al. The Effectiveness of Vitamin D Intake in Improving Symptoms and Relapses of Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2024;16:e68565. doi:10.7759/cureus.68565
- Fondelli F, Willemyns J, Domenech-Garcia R, Mansilla MJ, Godoy-Tena G, et al. Targeting aryl hydrocarbon receptor functionally restores tolerogenic dendritic cells derived from patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest. 2024;134. doi:10.1172/JCI178949
- Alelyani M, Gameraddin M, Alshahrani R, Alaslami W, Sarhan R, et al. Assessment of vitamin D status and associated risk factors in high-altitude populations affected by multiple sclerosis: A case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024;103:e38369. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000038369
- Balasooriya NN, Elliott TM, Neale RE, Vasquez P, Comans T, et al. The association between vitamin D deficiency and multiple sclerosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024;90:105804. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105804
- Lis M, Niedziela N, Adamczyk-Zostawa J, Zalejska-Fiolka J, Błachut M, et al. Can Vitamin D Reduce Inflammation? The Influence of Supplementation on Selected Immunological Markers. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25. doi:10.3390/ijms25147592
- Lis M, Niedziela N, Adamczyk-Zostawa J, Wierzbicki K, Czuba Z, et al. Can Vitamin D Supplementation Improve Inflammation in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients?. Biomedicines. 2024;12. doi:10.3390/biomedicines12071580
- Giordano A, Clarelli F, Pignolet B, Mascia E, Sorosina M, et al. Vitamin D affects the risk of disease activity in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2025;96:170. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2024-334062
- Cortese M, Riise T, Bjørnevik K, Holmøy T, Kampman MT, et al. Timing of use of cod liver oil, a vitamin D source, and multiple sclerosis risk: The EnvIMS study. Mult Scler. 2015;21:1856. doi:10.1177/1352458515578770
- McDowell TY, Amr S, Culpepper WJ, Langenberg P, Royal W, et al. Sun exposure, vitamin D intake and progression to disability among veterans with progressive multiple sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology. 2011;37:52. doi:10.1159/000329258
- McDowell TY, Amr S, Culpepper WJ, Langenberg P, Royal W, et al. Sun exposure, vitamin D and age at disease onset in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology. 2011;36:39. doi:10.1159/000322512
- Torkildsen Ø, Brunborg LA, Thorsen F, Mørk SJ, Stangel M, et al. Effects of dietary intervention on MRI activity, de- and remyelination in the cuprizone model for demyelination. Exp Neurol. 2009;215:160. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.09.026
- Kampman MT, Wilsgaard T, Mellgren SI. Outdoor activities and diet in childhood and adolescence relate to MS risk above the Arctic Circle. J Neurol. 2007;254:471.
- Saxby SM, Haas C, Shemirani F, Titcomb TJ, Eyck PT, et al. Association Between Improved Serum Fatty Acid Profiles and Cognitive Function During a Dietary Intervention Trial in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Int J MS Care. 2024;26:61. doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2023-037
- Muñoz-Jurado A, Escribano BM, Galván A, Valdelvira ME, Caballero-Villarraso J, et al. Neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis. J Nutr Biochem. 2024;124:109497. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109497
- Poggioli R, Hirani K, Jogani VG, Ricordi C. Modulation of inflammation and immunity by omega-3 fatty acids: a possible role for prevention and to halt disease progression in autoimmune, viral, and age-related disorders. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27:7380. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202308_33310
- Grajchen E, Loix M, Baeten P, Côrte-Real BF, Hamad I, et al. Fatty acid desaturation by stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 controls regulatory T cell differentiation and autoimmunity. Cell Mol Immunol. 2023;20:666. doi:10.1038/s41423-023-01011-2
- Kim JS, Soto-Diaz K, Bingham TW, Steelman AJ, Das A. Role of omega-3 endocannabinoids in the modulation of T-cell activity in a multiple sclerosis experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. J Biol Chem. 2023;299:102886. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102886
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